{
  "article": "https://orbitalbrandscience.com/blog/orbital-update-service-brief-research-assistant/",
  "checked_on": "2026-10-29",
  "analysis": "Direct extraction only; no pooling, transformations, company performance or between-study ranking",
  "records": [
    {
      "study": "Gordon et al.",
      "publication_year": 2019,
      "population": "15 US Facebook advertising experiments",
      "quantity": 500000000,
      "unit": "user-experiment observations",
      "denominator": "Observations across 15 experiments; not a count of unique people",
      "source": "https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/academics-research/research/detail/2019/a-comparison-of-approaches-to-advertising-measurement-evidence-from/",
      "location": "Abstract",
      "note": "Author-institution published record inspected 29 October 2026"
    },
    {
      "study": "Gordon et al.",
      "publication_year": 2019,
      "population": "Same 15 US Facebook experiments",
      "quantity": 1600000000,
      "unit": "ad impressions",
      "denominator": "Total impression count in the 15 experiments",
      "source": "https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/academics-research/research/detail/2019/a-comparison-of-approaches-to-advertising-measurement-evidence-from/",
      "location": "Abstract"
    },
    {
      "study": "Lewis and Rao",
      "publication_year": 2015,
      "population": "25 field experiments with US retailers and brokerages",
      "quantity": 2800000,
      "unit": "USD digital advertising expenditure",
      "denominator": "Total spending across 25 experiments",
      "source": "https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/130/4/1941/1914592?login=false",
      "location": "Published abstract",
      "access_note": "Primary publisher record retrieved in web search; direct open returned CDN error"
    },
    {
      "study": "Lewis and Rao",
      "publication_year": 2015,
      "population": "Same 25 US field experiments",
      "quantity": 100,
      "relation": "greater than",
      "unit": "percentage-point width of median ROI confidence interval",
      "denominator": "Median interval across the studied experiments",
      "source": "https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/130/4/1941/1914592?login=false",
      "location": "Published abstract"
    }
  ]
}